Hypertension is defined as systolic blood pressure greater than 130 or diastolic blood pressure greater than 80 mm of Hg. The goals and classification of hypertension are recently changed, now if the systolic blood pressure is greater than 130 mm of Hg or diastolic blood pressure greater than 85 mm of Hg then the patient is labelled as a case of stage 1 hypertension.
By Dr. Adil Ramzan | Cardiovascular diseases | Like |
By Dr. Adil Ramzan | Drug Information, Uncategorized | 3 |
The toxic dose of a medicine can be taken at once or it may be taken over a certain period of time, For example, it is possible that an individual takes the usual dose of a drug multiple times over the period of few hours.
A drug overdose is called staggered if all the tablets or capsules were not taken simultanously or within 1 hour.
By Dr. Adil Ramzan | General Health Info, Health Questions | 1 |
Paracetamol which is an over the counter painkiller or antipyretic (used to treat fever), is toxic to the body if taken in a higher dose. In higher doses, it is toxic to the liver.
The fatal dose of paracetamol, which may cause acute liver failure or fulminant hepatitis and subsequently death is more than 12 grams or 250mg/kg,
By Dr. Adil Ramzan | Drug Information, Health Questions, Poisoning and toxicology | 1 |
Lithium is a metal, but in medicine, it is used to treat bipolar disorder and refractory depression. Refractory depression means depression that failed other recommended medical management. Lithium is excreted through the kidneys, therefore, your patient must have a normal renal function if you want to initiate lithium therapy. It has a very narrow therapeutic range,
By Dr. Adil Ramzan | Drug Information, Medical Guidelines, Poisoning and toxicology | Like |
Sodium bicarbonate is a base when its concentration in blood increases the pH also increases and becomes more basic. When its concentration in the blood decreases pH decreases too and becomes more acidic.
Sodium bicarbonate must not be over-replaced, it may cause cerebral edema or in some cases, severe metabolic alkalosis.
The general rule to replace bicarbonate is;
By Dr. Adil Ramzan | Diabetes Mellitus, Dr. Adil Ramzan, Dr. Rauf Niazi, Medical Calculations | 3 |
Previously sublingual captopril was given to lower blood pressure in the emergency room. But several cases of large cerebral stroke are reported and it is no longer used worldwide. But in developing countries and peripheral rural areas, it is still used by those physicians who don’t have the means to get the latest information, either electronically,
By Dr. Adil Ramzan | Dr. Adil Ramzan, Dr. Rauf Niazi, Drug Information, General Health Info, Medical Research | Like |
Hyperthyroidism secondary to toxic multinodular goiter can be treated by any of the following means:
Usually done when the goiter is large and causes significant cosmetic disfigurement. Patient is made euthyroid with the help of antithyroid drug, Carbimazole or Methimazole and surgery is planned when patient becomes euthyroid.
By Dr. Adil Ramzan | Drug Information, Endocrinology | Like |
Most of the drugs are metabolized by the liver, The Cytochrome P450 enzymes are predominantly responsible for metabolizing the drugs. Some drugs have the potential to induce or inhibit this Cytochrome P450 pathway. Those drugs which induce this cytochrome p450 pathway cause decrease in the efficacy of other drugs which are metabolized by this pathway,
By Dr. Adil Ramzan | Drug Information | 1 |
Letrozole which is an aromatase inhibitor, which blocks the conversion of testosterone to estrogen and thus blocks the negative feedback effect of estrogen on FSH. Therefore, the level of FSH increases and the chance of follicle maturity increases.
Clomiphene also works by increasing the level of FSH and LH. but clomphene acts directly on hypothalamus.
By Dr. Adil Ramzan | Drug Information, Endocrinology, Medical Research | Like |